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 Target: to recycle 40% of household waste by 2005  |
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Target: to recycle 40% of household waste by 2005 |
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Contents
Appendices
Every day of our life we produce waste. We fill our dustbins and are happy that our local council empties it each week from our doorstep. Britain has been collecting waste like this for years. Hardly anyone gives much thought to where it goes. That waste is taken somewhere for disposal, either to large holes in the ground (landfill sites) or to incinerators for burning. Now the holes are filling up and the present incinerators are becoming obsolete. In Hampshire our problem is particularly acute. For some time now we have been developing a strategy to tackle the issue head on. Every year 635,000 tonnes of waste produced by the public of Hampshire requires disposal. With rising population and continued growth of waste to meet the needs of a consumer society we could see this mountain of waste rise to over 700,000 tonnes by the end of the century. This report gives the facts as we know them. Our strategy for dealing with our waste problem puts a great deal of emphasis on avoidance, reuse, and especially recycling. However, we are still left with a considerable amount that cannot be dealt with by these means. We need to deal with this by either finding many more landfill sites or by using waste treatment processes that are the best environmentally available. Landfill sites are difficult to find and there are not many waste processing options. Even the best available may cause some local concern. What we are seeking, however, is to involve everyone in the debate to find the solution. We all need to be involved if the strategy is to work. We produce it, so it's our problem. During September and early October 1993, both the County Council and the 13 District Councils will consider formally the issues in this report. Through the autumn and winter, there will be the opportunity for a wide range of organisations to make their views known; parish councils, environmental groups and the public at large. What must emerge is a coherent and agreed approach for moving the mountain. To succeed it must be an approach which recommends widespread public support. That support will rest on understanding the size and scope of the problem and on the limitations of any individual initiative in providing a solution. Only a strategy which integrates a series of waste disposal methods is likely to have the capacity to deal with Hampshire's waste problem. We don't have much time. Current disposal arrangements will run out very soon. New ones must be commissioned and any gap between the two filled with workable temporary measures. We believe that with the elected bodies of County and District Councils working together as they are we can put in place collection, recycling and processing systems so that Hampshire mill have the best integrated system in the country. This report sets out the process of consultation which we believe will involve everyone who has an interest in the debate. It also provides some information on the amounts of waste we expect to he dealing with and the processes available to us. There is a section on how much this will cost. Finally there is a separate appendix on the local environmental issues that may emerge. Hampshire has the chance to put in place the first truly integrated waste management system in the UK and put the county on a par with the best in Europe. It is therefore a great opportunity for us all.
"Consultation has to be done early before the decision is made". "People must be made aware of the problems if they are to be consulted". These are two very valid points of view that have recently been made about consultation processes. It is important that there is something real to consult on and that people's views will be taken on board before any final decision is made. This consultation process will be full and frank. The views of the public and interested groups will be made known prior to any decision. However, there is a need for the consultation to be focused so that views can be developed in time to allow a replacement system to be put in place before all the existing means of disposing of waste are exhausted. Ideally, this would mean a consensus emerging by the spring of 1994. Proposed Approach Hampshire's District Councils and the County Council have developed the concept of three regional areas which are the most natural to consider the waste which is produced in these areas. The regions are based on the District Council boundaries:
Members and officers have been using these groupings already to debate issues associated with integrating collection systems with recycling facilities. Their work is presented in this report. It is proposed that three regional advisory panels be set up to communicate information to the public and to include local communities in evolving the way forward based broadly on these three areas but sufficiently flexible to ensure the public relate to the area in which they have most interest. They will act as a sounding board for components of the plan as it is developed, and ideas, questions and matters of concern will be fully debated. These panels would advise the community's elected representatives. They would comprise a wide cross section of the local community, including such groups as parish councils, environmental groups, business groups, local social organisations, health representatives etc. Each group would be chaired by an independent person and they would have access to information and advice provided by both County and District Council members and officers, and others. There will also be:
The above programme is a real commitment to public consultation. It needs to be undertaken within a timetable to ensure that the outcomes mesh with the timetable to put new systems in place. Ideally, regional panels will be set up by the end of September and they might meet onanionthlybasistiritilFebriiaryl994. In March all the groups would come together to give their findings to enable the County Council to consider them in April 1994. During this period regular newsletters and media briefings will also take place. Communication methods will vary according to local needs and we will listen to the views of the panels on the subject. The panels and the public generally will be asked for comments on such questions as:
This section focuses on the problem posed by disposing of Hampshire's household and commercial waste collected by the county's 13 District Councils. It highlights the County Council's objective of 'disposing' of unavoidable waste in a safe, reliable, environmentally sensitive and cost-effective manner, whilst maximising its use as a resource. Alongside initiatives to promote waste minimisation, re-use and recycling,the County Council aims to promote the use of environmentally acceptable waste reduction systems, particularly resource recovery processes to reduce landfill demands. There is widespread support for the five key elements in the County Council's waste management framework. They are:
Since the County Waste Management Plan was adopted in 1989 other factors which will have an influence on the implementation of the strategy have emerged. These are:
There has also been a great deal of further information collection, particularly on the environmental implications of long term disposal options. A closer working relationship has developed between all Hampshire local authorities involved in waste -management. This has included a joint visit to France and Germany by Portsmouth and Southampton City Councils and the County Council to investigate integrated systems. These proposals are based on the combination of new knowledge and experience gained since 1989. Above all, there is a recognition that dealing with waste disposal in isolation is not a realistic option. Our task relates to the disposal of waste collected from households by the refuse collection service together with bulky and garden wastes (amenity waste) delivered to the 27 household waste recycling centres. It also includes waste collected from commercial properties by the refuse collection service. The constituents of these wastes are mainly paper, plastics, metals, glass and food and vegetable matter but there are small amounts of more hazardous materials such as household chemicals, paints and batteries. The amount of waste produced each year in Hampshire varies according to:
A forecast to the year 2001 could mean that a staggering 700,000 tonnes of waste will need disposal with recycling at the current level. This is made up as follows: Table 1 (tonnes per annum)
Reflecting projected reductions in commercial waste collected by District Councils. It is therefore important that as much as possible is done to reduce this amount. Broad forecasts of what might be the best and worst cases have been made based upon two levels of achievement due to programmes of waste minimisation, reuse, recycling and composting. For example, if District Councils succeed in attaining a 15% recycling level and progress is made with composting, then 615,000 tonnes per annum will still require further treatment and disposal. The best case example is based on reduction levels of 40% for both household and amenity waste and would require treatment and disposal of 460,000 tonnes per annum. Achievement of these levels would put Hampshire alongside the very best in Europe and require a major commitment from all those involved. The levels are dependent upon a number of factors:
Clearly, a major reduction in tonnage represents a long-term aspiration which may or may not be achieved. It would certainly take several years to implement. However, it is the intention of Hampshire's 13 District Councils to achieve at least a 25% level of recycling. Table 2 (tonnes per annum)
But the County Council must make plans to ensure that it can comply with its legal duty to arrange for the disposal of all collected and amenity waste. That means provision of an effective range of facilities. It is therefore vital that the county has the capacity to cater for a range of potential volumes of waste around the forecast figures, based on an integrated plan. The five key elements of the County Council's framework are now discussed in turn. Successful implementation of this framework is based on the premise that, in addition to the District and County Councils working together, the active participation of the public is also required. The framework is also guided by two key assumptions:
Waste Minimisation There is a view, frequently voiced by many people, that there is too much waste and the key culprit is a lot of unnecessary packaging around goods. Some people try very hard to avoid using unnecessary packaging but others require the convenience and like the appearance and presentation of products. Industry argues that packaging waste accounts for, at most, 25% of our waste and that it is needed for reasons of hygiene, security, convenience and marketing. There are also industry - sponsored organisations whose role is to consider ways of avoiding unnecessary packaging. Industry tends to take a wider view, balancing the need to maximise care and efficiency in transporting, handling and storing products, together with the need to produce quality products with a long shelf life. There is a growing consensus amongst consumers and industry that waste minimisation is a worthwhile and achievable aim. It is difficult to predict what impact there will be on the waste stream. People's behaviour will need to change before it is significant, and this will take time. Local authorities' role here is to encourage and educate. Programmes of education and publicity help and material has been produced for use in schools. Waste is an issue that has emerged from the days when it was 'out of sight, out of mind'. It is now an important environmental issue, and by educating today's children, tomorrow's adults will make a significant contribution to waste minimisation. Re-use A complementary way of avoiding waste is to re-use materials. Some years ago re-use was more prevalent and today there are but a few isolated, yet important examples such as the milk bottle. The rise in disposable products for convenience and cost reasons has changed behaviour. However, charity shops, recycling centres, and car boot sales are showing how much value some waste items have, and more and more is being re-used in this way. While local authorities have no legal role in this area, encouragement, education and leadership by example are the means by which action can he demonstrated. Recycling Collection of paper, glass, metals and textiles has been going on for many years by the use of conveniently placed 'banks'. In Hampshire, there are also 27 multi-purpose recycling centres where a wider range of materials is collected, as well as dealing with householders' amenity waste. At present Hampshire's recycling achievement is nearly twice the national average. Table 3 Total tonnages collected (1991/92) are:
This total is nearly 6% of the waste produced in Hampshire against a national average of3%. The Government has set a target to increase recycling levels to 25% by the end of the century. On a large scale, recycling becomes a different task to the one currently undertaken. It is estimated by the District Councils that at the very best with existing means of collecting materials a recycling level of no higher than 15% could be achieved. To achieve a higher level requires a fundamental change in the way waste is collected, and needs the participation of the public. Experimental systems in the UK and Europe have shown that it is possible to collect more materials if householders separate waste in the home. About 80% of those involved in these experiments take part and collection levels of 20% - 30% are achieved. Currently these systems are expensive, as they need a new collection system to be introduced often with different types of collection bins, new vehicles and more staff. Also more places are needed as temporary stores for large amounts of separated material; and if mixed materials are collected they will have to be sorted at a materials recovery facility. However, Hampshire's local authorities have agreed a countrywide recycling framework, and District Councils has produced formal recycling plans as now required by law. The task ahead is to develop a strategy for implementing recycling which will link collection systems with storage and processing facilities. This strategy will show how the County and District Councils can develop a sustainable flow of high quality segregated materials in order to ensure that markets can he maximised for a long term and that a stable price per tonne is obtained for the materials. The County Council will continue to provide multipurpose sites as collection points for those materials not generally catered for in local 'bank' systems, e.g. cardboard, oil, car batteries, bric-a-brac etc. The garden waste which is delivered to these sites is potentially useful for 'low tech' composting into soil conditioners and mulches. Composting of kitchen waste and other organic material is possible and some pilot schemes exist. To do this on a large scale, however, needs the development of a major processing facility such as an anaerobic digestion plant. (See further discussion in the next section on resource recovery). Resource Recovery Resource recovery is the utilisation of materials and/or energy from the waste stream. Even after recycling as much as realistically possible, there is a projected minimum of 460,000 tonnes of material requiring disposal, or more if a lesser recycling performance is achieved. The task of arranging for its disposal via contractors is the responsibility of the County Council. At present there is no resource recovery benefit derived from waste disposal in the county, apart from ferrous metal recovery at the Chineham Incinerator. Yet it is now technically possible for the waste stream to benefit the community by way, of fuel producing heat and/or power. The Government is keen to see such projects implemented. The County Council's policy is to derive the maximum resource recovery benefit from this waste stream. Resource products can be achieved by means of the following processes (all of which are outlined in this document):
Landfill Gas Extraction All landfill sites accepting biodegradable wastes produce methane gas. In some sites, this gas is controlled by either flaring or venting, but in larger sites the accumulation of gas can be piped into a gas recovery area and used for the production of energy, either heat or electricity. There are no sites within Hampshire which are large enough to make the utilisation of landfill gas viable. Use of the system would mean shipping waste from Hampshire in large quantities to other parts of the country. Gasification Gasification is an emerging heat-generating process and may be an improvement upon existing incineration methods in the longer term. There are currently no plants viable to deal with household waste. The County Council has recently embarked on a joint application with a local company for a European Community THERMIE grant to assist in funding an experimental gasification scheme. lt is hoped that the project will be able to go ahead in the near future and will contribute to the next generation of waste disposal solutions. Anaerobic Digestion This process converts the organic part of household waste, producing a 'biogas' for use as fuel, a liquid which can be used as a fertiliser and compost suitable for use as a soil conditioner. The process deals only with biodegradable matter: plastic, glass, metal and all other non-organic materials have to be separated from the organic matter before treatment. Of the waste stream 30% could be dealt with via this process and up to 50% if all the paper and card could be included. But there are not many anaerobic digestion plants operating for household waste and the technology is proven only for relatively modest tonnages. Energy from Waste via Combustion There are two basic techniques for recovering energy from household waste in conjunction with combustion. The mass-burn process involves waste being incinerated, with the heat released used to raise steam. This is then fed to district heating or used to power a turbine for electricity generation. Ferrous metals can be recovered for recycling from the residue. Residues require only about 20% of the landfill space taken up by untreated waste. In some European countries, the furnace ash is also used as a construction material, bait this may not he possible in the UK due to environmental regulations. The other system is the two stage 'refuse-derived fuel' process. Incoming waste is shredded and screened to remove the incombustible part, including metal for recycling. The products are a fuel fraction, which can be burned in industrial boilers and a reject fraction which must he landfilled, but which demands just 40% of the space required by untreated waste. There is understandable public concern about the health and environmental aspects of incineration. Yet there is now sufficient scientific and environmental evidence to show that modern incineration processes are safe and pose no environmental danger. Landfill Unlike some of its European partners, the UK relies on landfill for about 90% of its waste disposal needs. Most other European countries employ a more diverse range of disposal solutions. 1,and fill in the UK bas historically been seen as a cheap waste disposal option. This situation is changing as the result of a range of pressures: European and UK legislation and local planning policies are set to affect landfill in two ways. First, the locations for landfill sites will be restricted for pollution control and planning policy reasons. Second, where sites are allowed, higher environmental standards will add significantly to costs. This could close the cost gap between landfill and other disposal options. A further increase in landfill charges is being considered by the Government by means of some form of landfill tax or levy. In the longer term the European Community may seek to relegate landfill to the disposal method of last resort, possibly with restrictions on landfilling biodegradable waste. The policy already exists in the Netherlands and both Germany and France are moving in that direction. This is already the County Council's policy and this strategy presumes against the landfill of raw household waste. Hampshire has few landfill sites available. The aim of the County Council's waste management policies is therefore to minimise the need for landfill, as far as reasonable and practicable. There will continue to be a significant demand for landfill for the disposal of privately collected commercial and industrial wastes (for the disposal of which the County Council is not directly responsible), and for that household waste which cannot be dealt with in any other way. Use of 'out-of-county' landfill is not seen as an environmentally satisfactory solution in the long term, since it does not meet the County Council's wishes for sustainability. The County Council's policy is to husband the available capacity for the disposal of wastes for which there is no other disposal route. When the County Council tested the financial implications of an out-of-county solution in 1991, an annual premium of £1.9 million was required to finance a local energy from waste solution instead of an out-of-county landfill solution. The County Council decided it was prepared to pay this price on environmental grounds and because of the benefits which would flow from resource recovery. Making a choice Of course, the County Council can only use the systems which reputable companies are prepared to provide and operate. It has invited private sector companies to put forward broad proposals on how they could deal with Hampshire's long-term waste disposal, and there has been significant interest in offering solutions. The Environmental Protection Act prohibits the County Council from discriminating in favour of one type of waste disposal contractor. But in choosing from companies submitting tenders, environmental, public health and recycling standards can be taken into account as well as cost. It is hoped that this consultation process will help the County Council to develop an integrated waste management policy incorporating resource recovery working with the private sector. There are important pressures on the County Council to ensure that the long-term infrastructure is quickly put in place. Landfill space is rapidly declining. By the end of November 1996, existing incinerators existing incinerators will no longer be authorised by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution to operate, as they will not meet new emission standards which will then apply. Hampshire is unique in the UK It has five incinerator sites and currently uses incineration for 40% of collected household and commercial waste. Declining availability of landfill and the need to cease operating existing incinerators by the end of 1996 means that new systems are vital. Although the policy presumption is against landfill, it is useful to look at financial projections of comparative costs. The average market price of household waste landfall at private sector sites in Hampshire is £17 per tonne. It is projected that landfill costs will increase by the year 200O as a result of the implementation of new higher standards and UK laws which will demand greater regulation, monitoring and after care. The current average cost for incineration is £30 per tonne, including historic capital investment. The new generation of energy from waste incinerators would charge in the range of £40 - £50 per tonne although, with the award of a Non-Fossil Fuel Order, costs might be reduced by about £10-£15 per tonne. However, the continued availability of the Non-Fossil Fuel Order for household waste depends on Government policy and it would be better to consider it as a bonus rather than a necessity. In comparison with landfall, energy from waste projects, once established, have the capability for dealing with the disposal problems for a longer period than landfall. The possibility of a landfill levy and legislative measures to restrict the use of landfill may well give energy from waste a price advantage in the next ten years. Inevitably then, whatever strategy we adopt, future waste disposal costs for Hampshire will increase significantly. Nevertheless, a resource recovery solution should have the advantage of greater price stability for 20-25years. The overall cost for Hampshire in establishing major new long-term facilities could rise from an annual expenditure of £10.2 million to £30 million per annum. The cost for the districts in implementing a recycling strategy could range from a marginal change up to an extra £2 million per annurn. An integrated waste management strategy Hampshire's local authorities believe that the range of waste management options outlined here should be harnessed to provide an overall solution. Since each element is interdependent, only their implementation as a co-ordinated whole will see effective use of minimisation, re-use, recycling, resource recovery and disposal. This means major changes to collection methods. It also means a network of sites for handling and temporary storage of materials prior to reprocessing. These facilities are called Materials Recovery Facilities. Hampshire would need between one and three of these. A Materials Recovery Facility could be incorporated in a total resource recovery site where anaerobic digestion, energy production via incineration or the processing of refuse- derived fuel also takes place. An example is that proposed for a new town of Cergy- Pontoise north of Paris, where a new site is being developed to house three facilities for:
This concept could work well for Hampshire if suitable sites of sufficient size are available. If not, some processing might have to take place on different sites. The implementation of all elements of this integrated approach depends on costs and will take time. Introducing source-separated collection systems requires planning and public education and rests on a continued flow of materials from the District Councils so that markets for the sorted materials can be secured. Finally, the development of any major resource recovery facility takes several years before it can commence operation. If district heating is involved, this also requires a market and the development of an infrastructure of pipes for the transfer of steam. Making the strategy workThe public has demonstrated concerns over a range of issues including:
The size of processing facility is clearly an important factor. There needs to be a balance between the concept of community facilities and the need for economies of scale. The likely acceptable range of plant capacity for a resource recovery process is probably in the range of 100,000 - 200,000 tonnes per annum. At the lower end of this range schemes may be unaffordable without a system designed to provide district beating as well as electricity generation. Clearly each resource recovery project will still involve a plant of significant scale, particularly as there will be a need to provide extensive environmental protection equipment. If planning were to he undertaken on the minimum projected disposal quantity of 460,000 tonnes per annum and the limited use of local landfill to provide flexibility in accommodating recycling developments, then between three to five plants will be required to deal with the remaining, waste. This is based on a presumption that the plant would be in the 100 - 200,000 tonnes per annurn range. Full environmental statements will of course be required as part of the planning approval processes for major new facilities. An appendix gives a broad outline of the environmental issues. In addition, it is particularly important that any project is developed with a high standard of architectural design (even though this may add to the costs). Hampshire must solve its waste problem. Specification is needed and needed now. A seven-point plan is suggested that:
References Hampshire Waste Management Plan 1988 - 2001
Hampshire Minerals and Waste Local Plan Consultation Draft Septernber 1992 Hampshire Waste minimisation and Recycling Strategy June 1992 Submitted Hampshire County Structure Plan 1991 Planning and Transportation Committee report item No.4, 7th July 1992 Environmental Protection Act 1990 Government White Paper: This Common Inheritance 1992 Waste Management Paper No.28 - Recycling Study Visits
Framework for the development of recycling in Hampshire "The policies and plans of individual authorities for the development of waste minimisation and recycling should be developed having regard to local conditions and the following overall framework:
Environmental Impact The environmental impact of the various options must be considered to ensure the over all effects do not nullify any of the benefits hoped to be achieved. Our waste contains a wide range of materials some of which can contain hazardous substances.The handling and processing of our waste has to take these into account. It is very difficult to measure the impact of each option. Clearly, the savings in raw materials, landfill and energy consumption or production are the most easily identifiable indicators of how "green" the option is. However, more localised environmental issues must be considered when specific proposals are presented to a local community. Issues such as traffic, noise or visual impact are as important as the wider issues. In some cases, proposals for waste handling facilities, including those used for processing recyclables, will he subject to an Environmental Assessment in conjunction with the planning application. Although the legislation refers to such facilities handling 75,000 tonnes of waste or more a year, an Environmental Assessment may well he required for smaller facilities if they are likely to have significant effects on the environment by virtue of their size or location. Here we highlight the potential areas of concern and risk to the environment involved with each option. Avoidance and Reuse Obviously this has the greatest effect in avoiding environmental impact. However, encouraging the reuse of household items as a socially acceptable option will certainly lead to an increase in market outlets this in turn will produce an increase in car boot sales, sales at recycling centres and the like. Such activities have obvious impact on tile areas concerned, for instance traffic. Recycling Most recycling schemes are considered a worthwhile community investment. There is a general perception that recycling is environmentally friendly and has no adverse environmental impact. The manufacturing of products via a recycling system generally requires less energy and saves raw resources, but this is not always the case. Often the final 'manufacturing' process is not carried out in Hampshire and is not a local issue. Unless efficient transport systems are used, the energy spent on moving materials may offset the environmental gain from the recycling process. So too may the need for transfer stations and bulk storage areas. Land use ,traffic movements and pollution from lorries must all be taken into account. People should not travel miles to recycle smaller quantities. Where recycling is pursued it must be sound in both financial and environmental terms. Aerobic Composting Probably the easiest and the most acceptable of all methods because of its 'natural' concept. Composting 'yard' or amenity wastes generally present fewer problems than composting kitchen wastes, partly because litter, smell and fly problems are minimised and partly because machinery is needed on site to remove potential contaminants from kitchen waste. Smells can be controlled by the use of 'controlled environment buildings' using bio-filters. This gives rise to further concerns about visual impact. However, most aerobic schemes involve only the 'garden' element of household waste and are operated on flat open sites away from housing. The only buildings normally required are barns used for storage of final products. There is potential for contamination of ground or surface waters from the 'liquors' produced in the composting process. These liquids would be 'contained' and would be checked for contamination by heavy metals or pesticides. Sites used for such composting schemes would have impermeable surfacing and closed drainage systems. Anaerobic Digestion Unlike aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion systems require large reaction vessels to contain the waste as it is processed. This gives an industrial appearance to an otherwise natural system and needs to be carefully sited to avoid visual intrusion. Depending on scale, plant facilities are subject to a similar range of local environmental issues applicable to other industrial processes:- noise, smell, visual intrusion, traffic. Both the processing and the collection service must be carefully considered. Proper precautions must be taken to control atmospheric pollution from the burning of biogas. Resource Recovery (Energy from Waste)
Atmospheric emissions are a very emotive subject and attitudes have been moulded by past experience resulting from ill equipped and poorly operated plants. Modern systems and strict new EC legislation control emissions to ultra-low levels. This is amply demonstrated in Europe where emissions and residue disposal are controlled, well within the legal standards Although small in volume, fly ash represents a major environmental impact since it contains concentrations of heavy metals. This waste would be disposed of at landfill sites operated under very strictly controlled conditions. The environmental benefit of energy recovery for local district heating schemes is one of the reasons these systems are built very close to housing (in Europe). This demands careful consideration of the management of traffic flows, the elimination of smells and the minimisation of operating noise. However, a significant environmental benefit is that incineration avoids the land filling of raw household waste in large volumes and the consequent production of methane gases. Methane is a 'greenhouse' gas and is more harmful than the carbon dioxide produced by incineration. Although landfill is now considered to be the waste management option or last resort, it is nevertheless the only disposal -method available for some wastes. Potential environmental impacts arising from landfill therefore have to be minimised - they cannot be avoided. Apart from greenhouse gas ‘emissions’, modern landfill sites are engineered to be contained and the major issues are therefore localised. Landfill sites have historically been considered 'temporary' facilities generally used to restore former mineral workings or reclaim coastal areas. The potential for problems to emerge following completion has led to recognition of the need for long periods of aftercare lasting decades, so the concept of a 'temporary' facility has been replaced by one of a permanent storage site. The major issues of concern are the potential to pollute water and generate landfill gas. This can migrate and endanger nearby properties. Such problems can minimised by careful site selection and engineering containment measures. However, preventative monitoring is very difficult after infilling has been completed and the very vigorous evaluation of potential sites is vital to avoid these problems. Glossary Aerobic Composting Anaerobic Digestion Atmospheric Emissions 'Biogas' ’Bring' Systems of Recycling Calorific Value
Commercial Waste District Heating Energy from Waste (EFW) Refuse Devised Fuel (RDF) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 Ferrous Metals Fly Ash Gasification Greenhouse Gas Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution Household Waste Household Waste Recycling Centre (HWRC) Industrial Waste Integrated Waste Management Landfill Gas (Methane) Landfill Tax 'Liquor' Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) Minerals and Waste Local Plan The main issues that are addressed in the Hampshire Plan are:
National Recycling Target NFFO / Non-Fossil Fuel Order Planning Application Recycling These marketable products can be in the form of:
(Waste Management Paper No. 28) Residue Resource Recovery Soil Conditioner Structure Plan THERMIE Grant Waste Collection Authority (WCA) Responsibilities of the Waste Collection Authorities The Environmental Protection Act confers the following duties and powers on District Councils as Waste Collection Authorities:
Waste Disposal Authority ('WDA) the council of a non-metropolitan county in England responsible for the disposal of controlled waste collected in its area by the WCAs and for the provision of areas for residents the deposit their household waste and its disposal. Responsibilities of the Waste Disposal Authority
Waste Disposal Plan Waste Minimisation Waste Regulation Authority means the council of a non-metropolitan county in England. Responsibilities
of the Waste Regulation Authority
Waste
White Paper 'This Common Inheritance' |
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